Fortalecer las reservas cognitivas: Estrategias basadas en evidencia para un envejecimiento con bienestar

Alicia Lianne García González; Diego Díaz-Guerra; Zoylen Fernández-Fleites; Yunier Broche-Pérez

doi:10.58763/rc2025491

Autores/as

Alicia Lianne García González Universidad de Camagüey Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz. Camagüey, Cuba https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0284-2431
Diego D. Díaz-Guerra Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas. Villa Clara, Cuba https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5169-838X
Zoylen Fernández-Fleites Iniciativa Cubana en Salud Cognitiva. Villa Clara, Cuba https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9739-2749
Yunier Broche-Pérez Prisma Behavioral Center. Florida, Estados Unidos de America https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3450-7374

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58763/rc2025491

Palabras clave:

envejecimiento, neuropsicología

Resumen

Introducción: El concepto de reserva cognitiva (RC) surge como un marco explicativo clave al demostrar que factores modificables como la educación, la actividad física y la participación social pueden compensar el deterioro cognitivo asociado a la edad. Sin embargo, persisten importantes brechas en su implementación práctica, especialmente en contextos comunitarios y políticos diversos. Objetivo: Analizar las estrategias más efectivas para fortalecer la RC, integrando evidencia reciente y proponiendo un modelo multinivel que articule intervenciones individuales, comunitarias y estructurales. Metodología: Se adoptó una metodología mixta que combinó revisiones sistemáticas con análisis bibliométricos mediante VOSviewer, examinando un total de 1,060 estudios organizados en tres ejes: factores protectores (693 estudios), intervenciones estructuradas (71 estudios) y determinantes sociales (296 estudios). Resultados: Los resultados revelaron que la actividad física y la educación son los factores mejor documentados, mostrando asociaciones robustas con la mejora de la función cognitiva. En contraste, el bilingüismo apareció como un área subestudiada pese a su potencial neuroprotector. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones más eficaces fueron las multimodalidades, como la combinación de entrenamiento cognitivo con ejercicio físico, mientras que, a nivel social, la participación comunitaria emergió como un predictor clave de resiliencia cognitiva, aunque con marcadas disparidades entre zonas urbanas y rurales.

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