Scientific and Technological Research Article
Indicator system for monitoring the sustainability of historic centers associated with transportation
Sistema de indicadores para el control de la sostenibilidad de los centros históricos asociada al transporte
Elayne Tápanes Suárez1 
*, Omar Bosch Nuñez2 *, Yasniel Sánchez
Suárez3 *, Maylín Marqués León3 *, Orlando Santos Pérez4 *
ABSTRACT
The study focused on the management control of sustainability related to transportation in historic centers, given its influence on the social development of these areas. The primary purpose was to establish a system of indicators to monitor transportation sustainability in such centers. Techniques such as literature review, surveys, direct observation, expert consultations, and brainstorming were employed to achieve this. Various thematic models were analyzed, supported by software tools such as Microsoft Office Excel 2010, Microsoft Office Visio 2010, and EndNote X7. As a result of this research, twenty indicators were identified, meticulously described, and categorized under three sustainability perspectives: social, economic, and environmental. These indicators, derived from strategic objectives, are essential to assess the effects of transportation in historic centers and to facilitate prompt interventions that mitigate negative impacts, thereby improving the quality of life and urban sustainability.
Keywords: historical center, indicators, sustainability, transport.
JEL classification: Q56; L92; P25.
RESUMEN
El estudio se centró en el control de gestión de la sostenibilidad vinculada al transporte en centros históricos, dada su influencia en el desarrollo social de estas áreas. El propósito principal fue establecer un sistema de indicadores para monitorizar la sostenibilidad del transporte en dichos centros. Para ello, se recurrió a técnicas como la revisión literaria, encuestas, observación directa, consultas a expertos y brainstorming. Se analizaron diversos modelos temáticos, apoyados por herramientas informáticas como Microsoft Office Excel 2010, Microsoft Office Visio 2010 y EndNote X7. A raíz de esta investigación, se identificaron veinte indicadores detalladamente descritos y categorizados bajo tres perspectivas de sostenibilidad: social, económica y medioambiental. Estos indicadores, derivados de objetivos estratégicos, son esenciales para evaluar los efectos del transporte en los centros históricos y facilitar intervenciones rápidas que mitiguen impactos negativos, mejorando así la calidad de vida y la sostenibilidad urbana.
Palabras clave: centros históricos, indicadores, sostenibilidad, transporte.
Clasificación JEL: Q56; L92; P25.
Received: 12-08-2022 Revised: 15-11-2022 Accepted: 15-12-2022 Published: 13-01-2023
Editor: Carlos Alberto
Gómez Cano
1Central Termoeléctrica Antonio Guiteras. Matanzas, Cuba.
2Sucursal Islazul Varadero. Matanzas, Cuba.
3Universidad de Matanzas. Matanzas, Cuba.
4Empresa de Proyectos de Arquitectura e Ingeniería de Matanzas. Matanzas, Cuba
Cite as: Tápanes, E., Bosch, O., Sánchez, Y., Marqués, M. y Santos, O. (2023). Sistema de indicadores para el control de la sostenibilidad de los centros históricos asociada al transporte. Región Científica, 2(1), 202352. https://doi.org/10.58763/rc202352
INTRODUCTION
Research on sustainability is growing and diversifying to a great extent in many scientific fields (Clark & Harley, 2020; Subercaseaux et al., 2021), basically because the difficulties related to this science have structures of great complexity that relate elements of the economy, community, environment, political, cultural and technical, among others. Sustainability is the linkage between the population and the environment that favors improving and developing the quality of life while protecting the need for transportation-related policies associated with the population's quality of life, capacity, and sustainability (Torres, 2018).
Cities have a significant environmental impact; therefore, achieving sustainability through preventive actions at the urban level is essential (Lafuente, 2022). The accelerated expansion of urban centers has led to the creating of urban centers that lack the resources to meet the population's mobility, equipment, and service demands (Almeida et al., 2020). Transportation serves as a means of movement for inhabitants and acts as a catalyst for the socioeconomic development of nations (Sangroni et al., 2021). This sector represents a strategically crucial piece in the economy, as it boosts urban efficiency and supports activities in various fields, including industry, marketing, and tourism, which are fundamental in the economic productive structure (Handley et al., 2019).
Transportation management is defined as a dynamic process of dialogue and decision-making involving various stakeholders, including the social, economic, and governmental sectors, to shape its future (Arévalo, 2021). This area presents an intrinsic complexity, encompassing strategies, actions, and tools essential for the city's proper functioning. However, despite its crucial importance, transportation brings with it negative impacts. Among the most prominent and significant concerns are the environmental effects, such as noise, air pollution, and waste derived from urban transport. This is why prioritizing sustainable development and the environmental capacity of an area becomes imperative (Viana, 2017).
Another negative impact of the transportation system is the damage it causes to buildings. It is recognized that the values of the built heritage and the natural heritage support the conservation and improvement of the human condition and, therefore, the sustainability of the historic center. However, there are limitations to the quality of the natural and built environment services that humans receive. Today, to achieve objectivity in the conservation of buildings, the knowledge of technicians and experts on the effects that these structures have on land, water, air, and man is paramount (Costa, 2018; Chaos, 2018; Ramirez et al., 2020; Reyes, 2021).
Models proposed by Guerrero (2017), Ermagun et al. (2018), Aguirre et al. (2019), Boscán de Pacheco (2019), Martínez (2019), Vicuña et al. (2019), and Beriguete et al. (2022) were examined. These studies address perceptions of sustainability and urban quality of life but present gaps about the impact of transportation in urban areas. In the context of sustainable management, the use of management control documents is essential. These provide valuable reports and insights, outlining mechanisms and delineating new objectives that facilitate informed decisions, enabling more effective and efficient management (Tápanes et al., 2022).
On the other hand, Martinez (2019) states that indicators that measure how management proceeds are of great relevance to assess the sustainability of historic centers and integrate management into the decision-making process. In previous research, these indicators are directed from the study of mobility to sustainable approaches to transportation aimed at achieving a higher quality of life for urban dwellers, including environmental and social participation aspects (Santos, 2020). The business world had the idea of conceptualizing indicators only in the form of mathematical equations. However, over the years, many authors have offered additional definitions to this theory, as it is not only with this experience that essential data can be found to monitor different situations.
Therefore, indicators are, according to Vavrek et al. (2021), a way of knowing the magnitude of the conceptualization of a situation at a given time; accordingly, Zorn et al. (2018), Báez and Puentes (2018), and Martínez et al. (2020), define indicators as a numerical tool that favors appropriate decision making through data analysis and estimation. Based on what has been discussed above, it can be concluded that indicators provide meaningful feedback on timely business processes for management; in the first place, they are relevant by assisting in decision-making and providing essential and decisive data to estimate what is likely to happen.
Thus, Cordero (2017) states that a system of indicators is a collection of data collected at crucial intervals, which helps assess the level of realization and performance of a specific space in terms of planning. Due to the topic's relevance, the present research aims to identify indicators for monitoring the sustainability of historic centers associated with transportation.
METHODS
The study adopted a mixed approach, incorporating both theoretical and empirical methods. The theoretical methods employed included analysis and synthesis of information based on specialized literature, consultation with experts, interviews with officials involved, and comparative, logical, and systemic analysis. In addition, the empirical methods were related to scientific-technical research tools such as the EndNote® bibliographic manager, the selection of experts using the Delphi method, and expert advice through surveys.
For identifying sustainability indicators in historic centers associated with transportation, procedures applied in previous research were reviewed, such as Pérez and Hernández (2015) and Márquez et al. (2019), which allowed the identification of sustainable development indicators. In addition, the contributions of Medina et al. (2014), Alfaro and Gómez (2016), Tonolli (2018), Lafaurié et al. (2022), and Rico et al. (2022) were considered to reach a consensus on the procedure adopted in the present study, which consists of the following steps:
Step 1. Application of information gathering techniques such as interview, observation, survey, and document review.
Step 2. The Delphi method will reduce the list to a reasonable and manageable amount of information for management.
Step 3. Identification of the system of indicators and their description.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
For the initial compilation of a set of indicators that historic centers should take into account for their sustainable development, taking into account the impact of transportation on them, the questionnaire shown in table 1 was applied to a group of 15 experts, specialists with expertise in areas closely related to the management and achievement of sustainability.
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Table 1. Questionnaire applied to the group of experts |
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Dear expert: Due to your knowledge of the management and achievement of sustainability, you have been selected to point out indicators that significantly impact the sustainability of historic centers associated with transportation. |
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Name and Surname |
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Years of experience |
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Activity performed |
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Evaluate the indicators presented here, taking into account their impact on the sustainability of historic centers associated with transportation, and select with an (x) those that, in your opinion, should be taken into account to measure, according to the strategic objectives divided into three dimensions: social, economic, environmental. |
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Social dimension |
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Objective: Implement policies for adequate accessibility in the historic center. |
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Indicators presented |
Others as deemed necessary |
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Public space |
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Presence of solid waste disposal points |
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% grassy areas |
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Level of service |
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Condition of pavement structure |
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Availability of street furniture |
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% rest areas |
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% shaded areas |
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% compliance with development plans |
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Heritage conservation status |
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Vibrations in facades due to transportation |
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Objective: Reduce the number and severity of traffic accidents. |
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Indicators presented |
Others as deemed necessary |
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Damage to vehicles |
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Accident rate |
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Accident severity |
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Mortality |
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Morbidity |
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Economic dimension |
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Economic dimension |
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Objective: Maximize the use of the budget allocated to the sustainability of the historic center. |
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Indicators presented |
Others as deemed necessary |
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Investment feasibility |
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Incurrence of additional execution costs |
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% budget compliance |
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% compliance with investments |
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Profitability of investments |
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Environmental dimension |
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Objective: Reduce environmental impact |
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Indicators presented |
Others as deemed necessary |
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Waste generation. |
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pollution index |
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Noise. |
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Air quality |
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Modification of the visual landscape |
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Suspended particles |
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Loss of biodiversity |
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Soil contamination |
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Sulfur dioxide concentration |
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Thank you for your collaboration with the study. Thank you very much. |
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Source: own elaboration.
With the Delphi method applied to the indicators of the social dimension (figure 1), to the indicators of the economic dimension (figure 2), and to the indicators of the environmental dimension (figure 3), the list of the proposed indicators was reduced and those that reached a percentage higher than 70% were taken as a result. For their analysis, they are divided according to their dimension and strategic objectives.
Figure 1.
Results of the Delphi method: indicators of the social dimension
Source: own elaboration.
Note: the figure appears in its original language
Source: own elaboration.
Figure 3.
Results of the Delphi method: indicators of the environmental dimension
Source: own elaboration.
The most relevant indicators for measuring the scope of each dimension are shown in table 2.
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Table 2. Key indicators for monitoring sustainability associated with transportation in historic centers |
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Dimension |
Strategic Objectives |
Indicators for management control |
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Social |
Implement policies for adequate accessibility in the historic center. |
Public space |
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Level of service |
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Pavement structure condition |
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Availability of street furniture |
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% of rest areas |
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State of conservation of heritage |
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% compliance with development plans |
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Decrease the number and severity of traffic accidents. |
Accident rate |
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Mortality |
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Morbidity |
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Economic |
Maximize the budget allocated to the sustainability of the historic center. |
Investment feasibility. |
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Profitability of investments. |
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% compliance with investments. |
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% compliance with budget. |
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Environmental |
Reduce environmental impact |
Waste generation. |
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Noise. |
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Air quality. |
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Modification of the visual landscape. |
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Loss of biodiversity. |
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Soil contamination |
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The following is a detailed description of the system of indicators in terms of its usefulness in managing the sustainability of historic centers associated with transportation, expression of calculation, unit of measurement and frequency of measurement (table 3).
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Table 3. Detailed description of the proposed indicators |
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Indicators |
Usefulness in management |
Calculation expression |
Unit of measure |
Frequency of measurement |
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Public space |
Contemplate many public policy objectives: safety, health, recreation, social cohesion, etc. |
Participatory designs |
Adimensional |
When conducting public service level surveys |
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Level of service |
Indicate the different degrees of comfort of pedestrian traffic in a subjective way. |
It is closely linked to the number of service and service readiness of pedestrian infrastructure |
unidimensional |
monthly |
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Pavement structure condition |
Characterize the state of preservation of the pavement structure |
Infrastructure in good condition = (LIP - LIP in poor condition) / LIP *100 |
% |
Semiannually |
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Availability of street furniture |
Determine the width of a section of pedestrian infrastructure occupied by street furniture |
Direct measurement |
meters |
When conducting corridor capacity and pedestrian level of service studies |
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% of rest areas |
Identify the presence of rest areas in pedestrian infrastructure and public spaces |
% of rest areas = (Rest area / Pedestrian circulation area) * 100 |
% |
Semiannually |
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State of conservation of heritage |
Weigh the proportion of heritage buildings in good condition |
State of conservation = (Number of buildings in good condition) / (total number of devices) * 100 |
% |
Annual |
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% compliance with development plans |
Recognize the fulfillment of pedestrian infrastructure advancement purposes. |
Growth % = (% planned - % implemented) / % planned |
% |
Annual |
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Accident rate |
Monitor traffic accidents for preventive actions. |
I= No. of accidents in the year *100000/No.of inhabitants |
unidimensional |
Monthly |
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Mortality |
Monitor the number of fatalities in road crashes |
I= No.of deaths in the year * 100000/No.inhabitants |
unidimensional |
Monthly |
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Morbidity |
Determine the number of injured |
I= No.of injured in the year * 100000/ No.of inhabitants |
unidimensional |
Monthly |
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Investment feasibility |
to know how feasible the investments made are |
depends on the investments made. |
unidimensional |
Annual |
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Profitability of investments |
to know how profitable the investments made are |
depends on the investments made |
unidimensional |
Annual |
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% compliance with investments |
Identify the proportion of investments executed according to schedule |
% fulfillment of investments = (% I programmed - % I executed) / % I programmed (Where I are the investments) |
% |
Annual |
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% compliance with budget |
Measure compliance in the execution of the budget allocated to social investments in the historic center. |
% budget fulfillment = (% planned - % executed) / % planned |
% |
Annual |
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Waste generation |
Determine an estimate of the percentage of waste generated in the historic center |
Estimation of top management |
% |
Monthly |
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Noise |
Determine noise levels caused by traffic, which are detrimental to the quality of life of citizens in the historic center |
Direct measurement |
decibels |
Monthly |
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Air quality |
Evaluate the environmental quality of life of residents in the historic center |
Air quality index = Pollutant concentrations / Maximum Allowable Concentrations |
% |
Monthly |
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Modification of visual landscape |
Determine the extent to which the landscape of the historic center has been transformed |
Estimate |
% |
Annual |
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Loss of biodiversity |
Define the extent to which biological diversity is diminishing or disappearing |
Estimate |
% |
Annual |
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Soil contamination |
Determine the extent of surface degradation or destruction |
Estimate |
% |
Annual |
Source: own elaboration.
The consolidated indicators compose a cohesive system thanks to their interconnections and relationships. This network of indicators provides a holistic view of the environment. In this context, each indicator provides individual information and contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the system. If one of these components is missing or fails, it can destabilize the balance of the whole, directly affecting the ability to achieve sustainability in historic centers. Therefore, monitoring and maintaining all of these indicators is essential to ensure effective and sustainable management of historic centers.
CONCLUSIONS
The research consulted not only underlines the importance of management control in multiple economic sectors but also emphasizes how these tools and methods can be crucial in the adaptation and evolution of various areas. Applying these lessons to sustainability in historic centers, especially regarding transportation-related issues, we find an unprecedented opportunity to ensure its relevance and effectiveness in the contemporary context.
Through meticulous consultation with experts, several essential elements were distilled. These elements shaped a comprehensive framework, delineated by specific perspectives and clearly defined indicators, all derived from the operationalization of the dependent variable addressed in the study. Thus, the theoretical contribution of the research revolves around the battery of indicators constructed.
The depth of analysis on each indicator provided a clear understanding of their uniqueness and how each contributes to the overall picture. In their totality, these indicators provide a robust and cohesive system for monitoring and assessing the current and future state of historic downtowns about sustainability. Given transportation's influence and impact on these environments, this framework is precious, underscoring the need for ongoing monitoring and data-driven adaptations to balance historic preservation and modern demands.
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FINANCING
No external financing.
DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION
Conceptualization: Elayne Tápanes Suárez and Omar Bosch Nuñez.
Data curation: Omar Bosch Nuñez, Maylín Marqués León and Orlando Santos Pérez.
Formal analysis: Elayne Tápanes Suárez and Yasniel Sánchez Suárez.
Research: Elayne Tápanes Suárez, Omar Bosch Nuñez and Yasniel Sánchez Suárez.
Methodology: Elayne Tápanes Suárez and Omar Bosch Nuñez.
Project administration: Elayne Tápanes Suárez and Orlando Santos Pérez.
Supervision: Yasniel Sánchez Suárez and Maylín Marqués León.
Validation: Elayne Tápanes Suárez, Omar Bosch Nuñez and Yasniel Sánchez Suárez.
Writing - original draft: Elayne Tápanes Suárez.
Writing - revision and editing: Maylín Marqués León and Orlando Santos Pérez.